A critical Literature Review of academic support through tutorials for Assignment

A critical Literature Review of academic support through tutorials for student nurses - Assignment Example For one thing, the ratio between the teachers and the taught may be overwhelming and secondly, infra-structural and settings may not favour a one to one interfacing between the teachers and the taught. Besides, online tutorials, although convenient may not be readily available and under graduate students may not be conversant with the modalities of online learning, unless trained and guided by seniors, till such time, required degree of proficiency is attained. Therefore, effective academic support from tutors is an integral part of the study in order to achieve a positive result. â€Å"Tutorial, a term often used in the computer related training, refers to an instructional lesson that leads the user through key features and functions of things such as software applications, hardware devices, processes, system designs, and programming languages. The tutorial typically is set up as a series of steps that progress through levels of difficulty and understanding.† (Computer programming software terms, glossary and dictionary-T, 2010). Changes within the educational system cause many students to move out without proceeding for higher education. The components of changing educational systems bring limitations to the students and they find it to be very difficult to meet the requirements during the study. In the area of nursing, it has been found that many of the nursing students are not interested in proceeding with their study because of the current changing educational systems. They are being dropped out of the program after a few years of the diploma level of nursing. One of the solutions that have been established for those who are interested in nursing is to seek help of tutors. â€Å"Students require a higher level of personal and emotional support and â€Å"increasingly both academic and personal tutoring roles are being merged, and academic problems are often a front for an underlying personal issue.† (BMAF annual conference

A Perspective of Cultural Conflict in Classroom Essay Example for Free

A Perspective of Cultural Conflict in Classroom Essay This paper draws from the understanding that cultural differences and imbalance has extensively repressed the process of learning as well as literacy development. This factor is evident by the continual differential treatment of teachers on white and black children thus affecting the progress of colored children in literacy development. Learning literacy encompass the efforts employed by the teacher to help the child develop reading and writing skill in the second language. As such, this process occurs within the threshold of culture and is influenced by social factors ranging from the belief of the teacher and the ability of the children to literary skills. The evaluation of methods of literacy practice help in deigning validity and reliability of the instruments of instruction used in literacy acquisition and development amid cultural differences and conflicts reflects an element that formulates an important factor in situations where the teacher and his beliefs as well as the literacy practice extensively leverages the varying degrees of the whole language. Introduction Literacy acquisition and development is a pedagogical aspect that begins long before children commence their formal education as well as formal school instruction. During these years, children acquire skills and knowledge that are typified by literate behavior in a setting that is guided by socio-cultural manifestations. The whole process is influenced by a number of factors ranging from cultural implications, the beliefs of the teacher and the instruction methods for literacy practice. The teacher should emphasize on the development of literacy as a process that is ongoing, and through a classroom learning environment. This means that for the efficiency of literacy acquisition development, all aspects of literacy must develop simultaneously, with the language and literacy sharing similar features hence allowing students to encounter a natural hierarchy to the stages of development. Methods of Literacy Practice The complexity of literacy development rests on the pedestal of the children’s ability to effectively read and write in English as the formed literate culture. Delpit argues that our cultures and communities lay the basis on which differences in instructing children as they learn new language is evidenced (Delpit, 2006). This cultural bias and weakness presents a conflict which should be resolved by the teacher’s attempt to maximize the educational potential of children from colored racial background.   The teacher and his belief about literacy development play a significant role in the entire process of literacy and language development.   There is an interrelationship between literacy and language such that, the teacher should base his instruction on language; which plays a key role in building the foundation for reading and not on the racial backgrounds. Accordingly, the teacher should use the method of immersion to enable children develop literacy by being surrounded by spoken language. In so doing, children will not only learners to talk but will also encounter print language in charts labels and stories and an organized library which enables students to read and write in areas of the   print language. In addition, it is plausible to note that as a teacher, it is vital to use   a practical method of   instruction that help children demonstrate the literacy skill being learned in a context where the teacher uses good classroom management to root out racial power imbalance that exist in classrooms. As such, this should be done both in classroom and outside classroom situations. For example, Delpit contends that when people around children use language positively, things happen positively. Ideally, language, which the backbone of literacy, become part of life around children (Delpit,2006). This out of classroom situation means that a teacher should emphasis on the importance of language which is mirrored through books, literacy events and writing and thus children will learn the language at home, in town and in the villages where they are. In a classroom setting, demonstration of literacy skills should be enhanced by the teacher through modeling where children learn the four skills of language such as reading skills, writing skills, speaking skills and listening skills throughout the day. In this way, children will acquire and develop literacy skills by observing purposeful literacy in a myriad of ways. Furthermore, the teacher should advise parents to highly expect their children to talk thus relieving the whole process the pressure and tension of literacy development from learning in an environment that is cultural conflict. The teacher works on helping the students to learn literacy skills by working on these skills at appropriate levels. As a result, a teacher should provide children with enough materials that match their literacy levels and by catering for individualized differences; a teacher sets the pace of developing literacy skills thus structuring the class with expectation of leaning. To illustrate, the ways by which people respond and react during a conversation influences the behavior of a child and usually non verbal expressions such as smiles, cuddles and other remarks creates a verbal interaction that shapes the development of literacy. Therefore, acquiring and developing literacy skills does occur anywhere; at home, in groups, with relatives among others and this natural way should be used in helping the process of literacy acquisition and development. With the classroom, the teacher should create a collaborative learning environment where children have the opportunity to provide positive feedbacks to their peers which specifically is encouraging and constructive in terms of learning literacy skills. With regard to this, little children should be engaged in learning whether at home or in school the teacher should help the children to aim at better speaking skills, reading skills, writing skills and listening skills at school in activities that help them to make sense of their acquired literacy knowledge and skills. Racial, class, ethnic and gender conflicts influence the quantity of literacy instruction in a racially mixed class. However, a teacher should influence children and parents from disfranchised cultural groups to develop measures of subverting negative pressure dominant group. Delpit notes that the community environment as well as home leverages the literacy development of a child. As such, schools, homes, families and classroom are learning environments situated in the community. In this case, the out of class element extensively influences learning opportunities and gives a chance to take part in the process of literacy acquisition and development of their child (Delpit, 2006). Significantly, this narrows down to a cultural aspect in learning and impacts on the literacy development children acquire. For example, a child from a poverty stricken neighborhood encounters a disintegrated learning environment and owing to the fact they are likely to be face social emotional and behavioral conditions that are strong makes them develop non Standard English hence their literacy skills being interfered with. In addition, Delpit contends that the culture and environment directly relate to the ability of the child to develop vocabulary skills and thus the literacy development at kindergarten should be well structured because it determines how the child’s academic achievement varies in school and classroom. Children’s, socio behavioral, emotional self regulations are viewed within the precincts of cultural orientations   and all these are influenced by homes, families, schools and society at large. On this ground, Delpit postulates that the development of a child’s literacy skills should be allowed to take place at all times and in every place (Delpit, 2006). Accordingly, literacy is construed to be composite of varied dimensions that transcend the boundaries of classroom and society and this interplay strongly affect the learning opportunities that children are presented with both at home and in school. In light of this, there is considerable evidence that shows that proficient literacy obligate that children must have strong foundation in oral language; an element that borders phonological and vocabulary skills as well as the overall language skills which is basically determined by the cultural orientations. This falls in the wider dimension of influencing how a child demonstrates systematic and explicit ways of decoding, comprehending and writing language which is greatly impacted by the cultural base of the child. Due to the cultural influence in learning language and literacy skills, the preschool experience forms an important factor in the acquisition and development of literacy skills. Therefore, it has been speculated that achieving this learning element depends on the social economic status of the child’s family. Accordingly, children form less fortunate families begin their literacy levels late and without financial ability to buy literacy resource, many children from such backgrounds become literate very late. As such, the teacher should come to the aid of this group of children by working out a correlation that will improve home and classroom learning environment through what is inarguably called direct parent training and education. In essence, Delpit portends that parents from such economic thresholds should strongly embrace the concept of early preschool interventions in a bid to socially and academically make a vital difference in the literacy acquisition and development of their children. Similarly, the classroom environment influences the belief and mindsets of a teacher in their literacy development instruction. In essence, the attitude of the teacher over the children he is instruction posses a shared characteristic that   is marked by a safe and orderly environment high expectations for the literacy achievement of the students, strong educational leadership, the amount of time given to literacy instruction classroom management and available methods of evaluations and instructions. Accordingly, a flexible and homogenous literacy skill provides a more successful effect on reading, speaking and writing thus making the instruction children receive in the class more substantially. However, in the event of a heterogeneous literacy skill, it becomes difficult as the teacher to have clear cut expectations on the literacy achievement thus his beliefs may not allow him to substantially provide instruction that enhances literacy awareness. For the most vulnerable children in the black American community, the development of literacy skills is under certain progression challenges such as underachievement but Delpit shows that the social and motional support offered by the teacher creates a climate that leads to the efficiency in building literacy levels of children from multicultural backgrounds. The classroom setting should provide a highly social, emotional support and the teacher should therefore come in with a n instructional support which will systematically a stronger child literacy development and social outcomes. Particularly, such learning environment become important for children from the back community because they are typical of social problems and during the development of literacy skills, they may exhibit weak social skills. The engagement of children in different learning environment helps boots their motivation to learn and this contributes to their literacy growth. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the type and amount of literacy instructions that a teacher should give to children in classroom and the continuous learning of literacy skills at home and in the society facilitates a constant and systematic literacy growth. Accordingly this involves a combination of methods that range from code focused strategies o holistic and meaning strategies prove to be the effective models of enhancing literacy development. Teachers therefore should use sustained interventions that range form intensive and balanced pedagogical aspects in literacy acquisition and development. Teachers therefore need to structure the instructional designs on the structure of the language and other social cultural elements that aids in the acquisition of literacy skills. Reference   Delpit, L (2006) Other People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in Classroom. New York: News press

Technological Advances Threaten Privacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuas

Technological Advances Threaten Privacy The year is 2004. By now, our technology is so advanced that we’ve built robots to do common daily tasks for us. To many people, all of this technology seems like a dream come true. What they don’t realize is that the magnitude of complex technology can go the other way as well. The Internet is a cyber jungle filled with a lot of hunters, and even more prey. Just by hooking ourselves in with all of this new technology we have threatened our privacy. With the click of a mouse, almost anyone can gain access to personal information for just about anyone. While technology causes serious threats to privacy, there are several ways to help prevent against these threats. At the top of the list though is the threat through Internet and wireless technology. A hacker may be able to enter a system and tamper with important files that might be essential. Important information can be found in the system that may end up threatening ones privacy. There are some precautions, however, that may be taken in order to prevent this invasion of one’s privacy. Setting up proxy-firewalls on the computer is a good way. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) also helps, which is designed to keep confidentiality to a wired network; however, â€Å"WEP provides a bare minimal level of security that can deter casual snooping"(Wikipedia). Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technological innovation enabled to track objects and relay information with unique serial numbers across the world. Corporate implementation of RFIDs increases logistic efficiency, but also creates a medium of information from the consumer to their retail counterparts, without their ability to control personal information being exposed (Albright A... ... age and how to protect your family. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. * Dipert, Brian. "READING BETWEEN THE LINES: RFIDs confront the venerable bar code.  "  Edn  14  Oct.  2004:  48-50,52,54,56,58. * Hamilton, Anita. Camera Phones. Time Magazine. 20 November 2004. <http://www.time.com/time/2003/inventions/invphones.html>. * Napolitano , Jo. â€Å" Hold It Right There, and Drop That Camera.† New York Times. 11 December 2003: Circuits. * O'Reilly, John.   An Employer's Guide to Surveillance, Searches & Medical Examination.   Toronto: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003. * "President Bush Signs Identity Theft Legislation." Whitehouse.gov. 4 December 2003. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031204-2.html> [20 November 2004]. * Rieter, Allan. Reiter’s camera phone report. 20 November 2004. < http://www.wirelessmoment.com/security_camera_phones/>.   

Efficient Financial System: Fuel for Economic Growth Essay

The financial intermediaries and financial markets which form a part of the financial systems are the pillars for economic growth leading to a more practical resource allocation as they decrease the costs of moving funds among lenders and borrowers, thus helping to provide information symmetry between both the parties. However, the inability of these pillars to function together may result in operational inefficiencies of the economy, negatively affecting the economic growth. The reduction in poverty through greater access to finance and efficient allocation of societal savings promotes financial sector development leading to economic growth. To understand how an efficient financial system fosters economic growth, we need to understand the ways in which such a system eases goods and service exchanges through provision of payment services, help to collect and mobilize a large number of investor savings, gather and develop enterprise information and potential investment projects, thus ensuring allocation of societal savings to their most fruitful use, scrutinize investments and wield corporate governance there by reducing the inter-temporal risk and liquidity. However, the disparity across countries with respect to the efficiency with which financial markets and institutions lower the operation costs and information asymmetries, with significant ramifications for economic expansion and development is noteworthy. (http://www. treasury. govt. nz/workingpapers/2004/twp04-17. pdf) To have a better understanding of how an efficient financial system may lead to economic growth, let us consider the following example. With a stable financial institution in place, there have been recent introduction of a 40 year term mortgage loans in the U. S, however in comparison, in many developing countries lending for housing is limited to five year term loans if at all available. The lending ratios i. e. , the available loan per 1000 people vary from four loans per 1,000 people in Albania to almost 800 loans per 1,000 people in Poland. The interest rate spreads i. e. , the disparity between deposit and lending rates – vary classically between 2% and 4% in developed financial systems such as USA and Europe as compared to being over 30% in Brazil. Development of the financial sector promotes economic growth through more well-organized allocation of resources and growth due to productivity instead of providing it through the scale of savings mobilization or investment. This promotes economic development by extending entree to external finance thus improving resource allocation and increase in efficiency of reallocation of investment funds across industries. Financial development also helps to diminish the force of external shocks on the domestic economy, it being a vital determinant of the balance of trade structure, thus, providing countries with a relative advantage, in those industries which are mostly dependent on external finance. Thus, given the significance of an efficient financial system development for economic growth leading to poverty reduction, academicians and policy makers would be similarly interested in and concerned about the building blocks for a strong and efficient financial system. Carlton- Home Loan For the purpose of investment, a loan for $300,000 in Carlton for ten years has several sources and costs involved. It is best to choose a mortgage loan with fixed rate interest and avail the same from the bank. The rationale for the choice is explained below, considering the factors that are involved in the choice, the advantages and its cost. Choice of the Source The home loan market is dynamic and offering various kinds of loans ranging from mortgage loan, home equity loan, reverse mortgage etc. These are further replete with choices like interest only loans. Consideration the loan for buying an apartment for investment purpose, there are sources available like broking houses, mortgage loan companies and banks. All these sources have a different way of operation, and offer various loan products. The choice of the type of loan depends on certain questions like purpose of the loan, the period for which one plans to stay in the home, the tenor of the loan preferred, preferred amount of down payment, frequency and structure of payment. Each different loan source has its pros and cons. One can select loan types from a choice of Fixed Rate Mortgages (FRM), Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARM), Balloon Mortgages, no fee and no point programs etc. (Source: â€Å"Factors affecting mortgage rates†) For the home loan into consideration, looking at the investment purpose and a horizon of 10 years, the fixed rate mortgage loan happens to be the right choice. Moreover, it is best to avail the loan directly from the bank, rather than a broking house.

In Construction Final Report

Through this search we are able to identify & analyze the factors through which small construction companies can gain competitive advantage over their close competitors. Also studied various Project Management techniques that can foster growth of small and developing companies in this sector. This report also identifies the upcoming opportunities that the small and budding companies have in the construction industry. Lastly, it also talks about the key hindrances faced by Indian construction companies in running their operations with suggestions to overcome them. Introduction The Construction industry of India is an important indicator of the placement as it creates investment opportune ties across various related sectors. The construction industry contributed an estimated RSI. 7,807 billion to the national GAP in 2013-14 which amounted to around 9%. The industry is fragmented, with a handful of major companies involved in the construction activities across all segments. Besides, the re are medium sized companies specializing in niche activities and small and medium contractors who work on the subcontractor basis and carry out the work in the field.In 2011 there were slightly over 500 construction equipment manufacturing companies in al of India The sector is labor intensive and provides employment, including indirect jobs, to more than 3. 5 core people. The period from 1950 to mid 1 ass's witnessed the government playing an active role in the development of these services and most of construction activities during this period were carried out by State owned enterprises and supported by government departments. In the first five-year plan, construction of civil works was allotted nearly 50 % of the total capital outlay.The first professional consultancy company, National Industrial Development Corporation (MIND), was set up in the public sector in 1954. Subsequently, many architectural, design engineering and construction companies were set up in the public secto r such as Indian Railways Construction Limited (RECON), National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBC), Rail India Transportation and Engineering Services (RITES), Engineers India Limited (ELL) etc. As well as the private sector such as M N ADSTAR and Co. , Hindustan Construction Company (HOC), Nasals etc.In India Construction has accounted for around 40 per cent of the development investment during the past 50 years. Around 16 per cent of the nation's working population depends on construction for its livelihood and rates assets worth over 200 billion per annum. Total capital expenditure of state and central government was approximately RSI. 8,021 billion in 2011-12 which rose from RSI. L ,436 billion in 1999-2000. The share of the Indian construction sector in total gross capital formation (GIF) came down from 60 per cent in 1970-71 to 34 per cent in 1990-91.Thereafter, it increased to 48 per cent in 1993-94 and stood at 44 per cent in 1999-2000. In the 21st century, there has been an increase in the share of the construction sector in GAP and capital formation. The main reason for this is the increasing emphasis on involving the private sector infrastructure development through public private partnerships (Peps) and mechanisms like build-operate-transfer (BOOT). LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction to the Indian Construction Industry The Construction Industry in India is the second largest employer of the country after agriculture, accounting for 1 1 % of Indian's GAP.It employs more than 3. 5 scores people & its total market size is estimated at RSI. scores. The level Of a country's development is reflected by its infrastructure & the desperate need for infrastructure development has increased the demand of the construction industry in India. The Indian Construction industry can be divided into three broad segments: Residential, Industrial, Commercial & other buildings. Sewer, Roads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels & other projects. Specialized activity such as ca rpentry, painting, plumbing & electrical work.Characteristics of the Indian Construction Industry Construction industry is a major job creator: The construction industry accounts for 1 1 % of Indian's gross domestic product (GAP). The industry also generates huge employment opportunities, due to its constant requirement for skilled and unskilled laborers. Moreover, the overall growth of this industry is also positive for sectors such as steel and cement, which are key raw materials. Low entry barriers keep industry fragmented: The construction industry is highly fragmented as low fixed capital requirements for construction contracts remove entry barriers.Capital expenditure is only required for procuring necessary equipments unlike a manufacturing businesses, which require a setup of plants and machinery for production. Possibility of payment delays heightens working capital intensity: Construction projects are mainly funded and managed by the owner. Apart from the initial advance, contractors receive payments after each project lessons is completed. However, timely payments also depend on the owner's credit profile and the nature of the project.Most projects, especially infrastructure, have a gestation period of more than a year. Any delay in payments can push up receivables. Such a scenario makes the construction industry working capital intensive. Projects awarded to lowest bidders, but execution skills crucial too: All governmental construction projects are awarded through a competitive bidding process as more domestic and international contractors have forayed into various infrastructure segments. The project is finally awarded to the sweets bidder.However, besides bidding qualifications, contractors also need to have strong project execution and technical skills to avoid cost and time overruns. To make these imperative, institutions such as National Highways Authority of India (NOAH) penalizes delayed execution of national highway projects, while awardin g timely completion of the same. Input-related risks: Access to inputs is crucial for ensuring timely and cost- effective execution of projects. The major inputs for a construction include: 1 . Labor: Construction work involves both skilled and unskilled labor.Currently, instruction players are struggling with wage increases, which can be attributed to labor shortages and rising inflation. Local job opportunities from government welfare schemes, growth in the overall rural economy and migration of laborers to Gulf countries for better prospects are some reasons that have led to a shortage of construction laborers. To solve labor issues, improve quality and cut wage costs, construction companies are now increasing the extent of mechanization, particularly in huge infrastructure projects such as highway projects. . Raw material: The construction industry is raw material-intensive. Any change in prices of raw materials like steel, cement, bitumen etc. Impacts players' profitability. Ho wever, the impact is limited to the extent of the proportion of fixed price contracts in a company's order book. Some construction companies also own quarries so as to ensure constant raw material supply. 3. Land acquisition and government clearances: Land and the related government clearances are the other important inputs for construction work.Delays in these may increase the gestation period of projects, which can impact the profitability of the project. Recent developments in the Indian Construction Industry The Indian government has recently initiated some policy changes in some sectors of the industry and order inflows have improved in some others. Though, the strained financial position Of companies will continue to impact the industry's execution pace in 2014-15. It is therefore expected that the industry's revenues will grow at a tepid pace of 6% to 8% during the year.The poor financial position of construction companies is reflected in their poorly profitable and highly le veraged balance sheets. Operating margins of construction companies fell by about in 2012-13, as input costs rose ND lower margin segments such as road projects gained share in the order book. Competitive pressures have also been impacting margins. Slow execution and its impact on fixed cost of companies shaved off 5% to on an average, from the operating margins of companies in 2013-14.In order to protect their margins, players are now exercising more caution in bidding and competition in the industry has moderated. Yet, the hangover of aggressive bidding of the past and the current execution delays continue to weigh on profitability in 2014-15 also. Further, the gearing (Debt-Equity ratio) f construction companies has been rising over the past two years, impacting the financial flexibility of companies. Gearing of major construction companies rose to 3. 3 times in 2012-13, from 2. 1 times in 2008-09.Net margins, which had been sliding since 2010-11, fell further by 7% in 2012-13 ow ing to higher interest outgo. The industry (with the only exception of L&T) reported net losses from April 2013 to October 2013. According to the twelfth five year plan, more than 40% of the total government spends have been allocated to construction per SE explicitly, along with various construction projects that will be undertaken for other areas of expenditure. The table below illustrates the sector wise investments for the twelfth five year plan.Five Forces Analysis of the Indian Construction Industry Us mammary: The construction and engineering industry is characterized by large incumbents operating alongside smaller companies. Rivalry is eased somewhat by companies diversifying operations into other sectors. There are a small numbers of buyers in this industry, and typically large in size. Similarly suppliers have a great deal of power over market players as their raw materials are essential for players' businesses. However suppliers have also offered the effects of the global economic crisis, seeing the prices of many raw materials rise.There are few, if any, substitutes available in this industry. Bargaining power of Buyers: Buyers in this industry tend to be large and few in number. Typically the main buyers are government agencies or large private-sector customers, usually corporate rather than individuals. Generally, in this industry, customers invite market players to tender for contracts which are on the customers' terms. This means the buyer is in a more powerful position as they specifically define the parameters of the project.

Free Essays on Girl, Interrupted, By Susanna Kaysen

Girl, Interrupted, By Susanna Kaysen The book Girl, Interrupted, is more of a collection of brief essays on Susanna Kaysen’s experiences rather than a story, contains more of Susanna’s personal insight on her disorder and allows the reader to be come more intimate with Susanna. The novel is the autobiographical account of Susanna Kaysen’s life just after her graduation from high school in the late 1960s. At this point in her life, Susanna has no direction decides to attempt suicide, taking a bottle of aspirin followed by a fifth of vodka. Susanna survived her suicide attempt and was then sent by her parents to see a psychiatrist. At their first meeting, of which Susanna still cannot recall the length, the psychiatrist immediately decided that Susanna would require hospitalization in a psychiatric ward. Directly following that meeting, Susanna is put into a cab and sent to the McLean Hospital. Upon her arrival at the hospital, Susanna is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and spend s over a year in the ward. Throughout the course of the book, Susanna describes her year at the hospital, including the people she met and events that took place. She describes the other girls in her ward: a sociopath, a pathological liar, a girl that is sexually abused, a girl that lit herself on fire, etc. She also tells of events: the visit of her boyfriend, a trip to the ice cream parlor, and of the times when her friend, Lisa, ran away. There is no plot, the book is simply a gathering of her observations from her inner self, other patients and their lives, and the world in that year in which Susanna’s life was interrupted, retold in a â€Å"darkly comedic† fashion. The language used is alternately funny, quirky, and sometimes brutally strong. Susanna describes her world at this time as a â€Å"parallel universe† often questioning if she is crazy and what it is that determines a person to be crazy. The book does not concentr... Free Essays on Girl, Interrupted, By Susanna Kaysen Free Essays on Girl, Interrupted, By Susanna Kaysen Girl, Interrupted, By Susanna Kaysen The book Girl, Interrupted, is more of a collection of brief essays on Susanna Kaysen’s experiences rather than a story, contains more of Susanna’s personal insight on her disorder and allows the reader to be come more intimate with Susanna. The novel is the autobiographical account of Susanna Kaysen’s life just after her graduation from high school in the late 1960s. At this point in her life, Susanna has no direction decides to attempt suicide, taking a bottle of aspirin followed by a fifth of vodka. Susanna survived her suicide attempt and was then sent by her parents to see a psychiatrist. At their first meeting, of which Susanna still cannot recall the length, the psychiatrist immediately decided that Susanna would require hospitalization in a psychiatric ward. Directly following that meeting, Susanna is put into a cab and sent to the McLean Hospital. Upon her arrival at the hospital, Susanna is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and spend s over a year in the ward. Throughout the course of the book, Susanna describes her year at the hospital, including the people she met and events that took place. She describes the other girls in her ward: a sociopath, a pathological liar, a girl that is sexually abused, a girl that lit herself on fire, etc. She also tells of events: the visit of her boyfriend, a trip to the ice cream parlor, and of the times when her friend, Lisa, ran away. There is no plot, the book is simply a gathering of her observations from her inner self, other patients and their lives, and the world in that year in which Susanna’s life was interrupted, retold in a â€Å"darkly comedic† fashion. The language used is alternately funny, quirky, and sometimes brutally strong. Susanna describes her world at this time as a â€Å"parallel universe† often questioning if she is crazy and what it is that determines a person to be crazy. The book does not concentr...

Pregnancy and Harden Brady

Pregnancy and Harden Brady Pregnancy and Harden Brady- Crite Essay Nick Harden Brady- Crite English 900 6 November 2012 Free Will Hilary Clinton Once said, "I have met thousands and thousands of pro-choice men and women. I have never met anyone who is pro-abortion.† Abortion has always been an extremely controversial topic between pro-life and pro-choice groups. Pro-choice advocates believe that abortion should remain legal, while pro-life groups believe that abortion is murder and should be outlawed. One has his or her own views and opinions; despite what several people may believe, abortion should remain legal and the choice of the mother. Abortion should be legal because of the issues women face when making the decision to give birth to a child. These issues include financial instability, health concerns and, social problems within family and friends. Financial problems can play a big role on whether a woman decides to have an abortion. Women that face these issues have a better chance to have an abortion if they become pregnant. If society makes women reproduce, then these women must feed, provide clothing, and educate these children to make them productive members of society. For instance, if a woman has an unplanned pregnancy, she may not be able to afford raising a child. This can later lead to a child growing up in poverty. Another problem pregnant women may face is raising children alone. â€Å"Today, 19 million children live in single-mother families.† Women raising children alone are more susceptible to having financial problems because they do not have that extra support to take care of a child. One who is opposed the legalization of abortion might believe that the solution to these problems would be receiving help from family and friends, or having the father of the newborn pay child support, but sometimes they can have their own financial problems to take care of. Illegalizing abortion can affect many women who suffer from financial issues. Another reason abortion should remain legal is the fact that child birth can have serious effects on either the mother or child. The mother can have different conditions that can risk her life if she goes into labor. Millions of women are diagnosed and informed that they have a life threatening condition that could mean life or death if they have a child; making these women go through with pregnancy is almost like making her commit suicide. A woman's life should be considered a more valuable life than the life of the fetus. One feels this way because if something were to happen to the woman the potential life of the fetus would not even exist. There are also many conditions that can endanger the fetus. According to a September of 2005 issue of Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, three percent of women who have abortions, do so because of a health issue or abnormality with the baby. A woman should not be expected to bring a child into this world if there is somethin g seriously wrong with them, such as paralysis, or being severely, mentally challenged. A pro-life supporter may believe there are different alternatives such as putting an innocent, unborn child’s life before the mothers or giving the baby a chance to live, but a very unhealthy baby would most likely die before the parents, causing the parents sadness and sorrow. Health issues on either the mother or child can really affect one’s decision on having an abortion or not. The final reason women should have the right to an abortion is the many social issues a woman can face if she becomes pregnant. In

Find the Inflection Points for the Normal Distribution

Find the Inflection Points for the Normal Distribution One thing that is great about mathematics is the way that seemingly unrelated areas of the subject come together in surprising ways. One instance of this is the application of an idea from calculus to the bell curve. A tool in calculus known as the derivative is used to answer the following question. Where are the inflection points on the graph of the probability density function for the normal distribution? Inflection Points Curves have a variety of features that can be classified and categorized. One item pertaining to curves that we can consider is whether the graph of a function is increasing or decreasing. Another feature pertains to something known as concavity. This can roughly be thought of as the direction that a portion of the curve faces. More formally concavity is the direction of curvature. A portion of a curve is said to be concave up if it is shaped like the letter U. A portion of a curve is concave down if it is shaped like the following ∠©. It is easy to remember what this looks like if we think about a cave opening either upward for concave up or downwards for concave down. An inflection point is where a curve changes concavity. In other words it is a point where a curve goes from concave up to concave down, or vice versa. Second Derivatives In calculus the derivative is a tool that is used in a variety of ways. While the most well-known use of the derivative is to determine the slope of a line tangent to a curve at a given point, there are other applications. One of these applications has to do with finding inflection points of the graph of a function. If the graph of y f( x ) has an inflection point at x a, then the second derivative of f evaluated at a is zero. We write this in mathematical notation as f’’( a ) 0. If the second derivative of a function is zero at a point, this does not automatically imply that we have found an inflection point. However, we can look for potential inflection points by seeing where the second derivative is zero. We will use this method to determine the location of the inflection points of the normal distribution. Inflection Points of the Bell Curve A random variable that is normally distributed with mean ÃŽ ¼ and standard deviation of ÏÆ' has a probability density function of f( x ) 1/ (ÏÆ' √(2 Ï€) )exp[-(x - ÃŽ ¼)2/(2ÏÆ'2)]. Here we use the notation exp[y] ey, where e is the mathematical constant approximated by 2.71828. The first derivative of this probability density function is found by knowing the derivative for ex and applying the chain rule. f’ (x ) -(x - ÃŽ ¼)/ (ÏÆ'3 √(2 Ï€) )exp[-(x -ÃŽ ¼) 2/(2ÏÆ'2)] -(x - ÃŽ ¼) f( x )/ÏÆ'2. We now calculate the second derivative of this probability density function. We use the product rule to see that: f’’( x ) - f( x )/ÏÆ'2 - (x - ÃŽ ¼) f’( x )/ÏÆ'2 Simplifying this expression we have f’’( x ) - f( x )/ÏÆ'2 (x - ÃŽ ¼)2 f( x )/(ÏÆ'4) Now set this expression equal to zero and solve for x. Since f( x ) is a nonzero function we may divide both sides of the equation by this function. 0 - 1/ÏÆ'2 (x - ÃŽ ¼)2 /ÏÆ'4 To eliminate the fractions we may multiply both sides by ÏÆ'4 0 - ÏÆ'2 (x - ÃŽ ¼)2 We are now nearly at our goal. To solve for x we see that ÏÆ'2 (x - ÃŽ ¼)2 By taking a square root of both sides (and remembering to take both the positive and negative values of the root  ±ÃÆ' x - ÃŽ ¼ From this it is easy to see that the inflection points occur where x ÃŽ ¼  ± ÏÆ'. In other words the inflection points are located one standard deviation above the mean and one standard deviation below the mean.

Phuket thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phuket thailand - Essay Example Phuket, Thailand’s largest island experienced the 9.3 earthquake shock which sent the Andaman Wave to the island’s coastline. Considered the third worst in history, the tsunami waves rose up to 10 meters high and created severe destruction on the six provinces along the Andaman coastal strip, namely: Phang Nga, Krabi, Phuket, Ranong, Satun and Trang. At least 250 people were recorded injured and maimed with scores of others dead including tourists. There was massive destruction of property ranging from hotels, houses to vehicles and other properties worth millions. Almost all west coast beaches like Karon, Kamala and Patong were completely destroyed to the ground with few deserted buildings standing. In addition, the effects of the tsunami were devastating because it greatly affected the tourism industry in the island. On the other hand, the cause of the tsunami arised as a result of the corrison of the Indo-Australian plates. The Indo plate is lower while the Australia n plate is bigger. The impact led to a massive earthquake that triggered the tsunami disaster in the region and entire southeast Asia. Apart from the devastating tsunami, Phuket has also been experiencing earthquakes regularly. On April 2012 the island was affected by a 4.3 magnitude earthquake that led to eviction of people from the coastal and lower regions to higher grounds to protect them from the earthquake. The quake which originated from the Klong Marui fault line spanned to other provinces like Phang Nga, Krabi and Surat Thani. No deaths or injuries were reported, however at least 30 houses sustained cracks in Tambon Si Sunthon region (Wipatayotin, 2012). Moreover, another earthquake of a 6.5 magnitude occurred in Phuket island but no tsunami alerts were issued after the 2004 tsunami. The 6.5 magnitude earthquake was confirmed by officials to the north of Aceh. Earthquakes in Phuket

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK Essay

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK - Essay Example e tobacco tend to start at a very young age, mostly in their teenage, and these normally begin mainly because of the influence of their friends as well as peer pressure, especially in the school environment. Moreover, it has become the norm for these individuals to continue smoking for the rest of their lives since once they pick up the habit from such a young age; it is often very hard for them to stop. The result is that a large chunk of the population of the UK are tobacco users and this has created a situation where despite the best efforts that the government has taken, it has become difficult to control the use of this substance. Some of the largest tobacco companies are based in the UK and because it is a lucrative market for their products, these companies have worked hard to ensure that those laws that are not in favour of the reduction and at times abolishment of tobacco usage are not passed. These companies have powerful lobbies, which work hard to ensure that only laws which are in their favor are passed as a means of retaining their dominance over the UK market (Neuman, Bitton & Glantz, 2002). Therefore, it has become imperative for the government of the UK to take direct and effective measures which are meant to promote a reduction of tobacco usage within the country so that the population can stay free of the medical complications that are related to tobacco usage (Jha & Peto, 2014). Among the biggest steps that the UK government can take to curb the power of tobacco companies is to ensure that legislation that reduces the consumption of tobacco products is introduced and strictly implemented becaus e to do otherwise would mean that the health of the public would be at risk. In addition, the government should require that it make requirements where tobacco companies in the UK have to label their products as being dangerous to the health of those who use them ("Adding harm reduction to tobacco control", 2007). Moreover, the government should take an

Research evidence suggests that the great majority of western Essay

Research evidence suggests that the great majority of western multi-national companies decide against sending female expatriates to non-western countries. Evalu - Essay Example marily local nationals, and therefore must closely adhere to local norms on hiring--or not hiring--female managers, transnational corporations are not similarly limited; because the corporate culture of transnational firms is not coincident with the local culture of any particular country, transnationals have greater flexibility in defining selection and promotion criteria that best fit the firms needs rather than those that most closely mimic the historic patterns of a particular country’ (Adler, 1993, 4). The above differentiation between domestic companies and transnationals regarding the criteria set for the hiring of managerial staff has a significant value for the case of expatriates. Because transnationals, as explained above, are free to decide on their staff (in terms of not being ‘engaged’ by the local cultural demands) their decision on hiring expatriates cannot be examined as of its reasoning. Moreover, in order to understand the position and the role of expatriates we should refer to the following categories of foreign assignments as they have been presented by Bruning et al. (2005). More specifically, in accordance with the above researchers the ‘various types of foreign assignments include: a) Relocating an employee and family to a target country (expatriates); b) Developing management staff from the local country (inpatriates), or c) Utilizing employees in frequent short-terre assignments (flexpatriates) to transfer area-specific knowledge’ (Bruning et al., 2005, 21). According to a definition given by Gentry et al. (2001, 369) ‘business expatriates are sojourners sent to a foreign country by multinationals with the intent to control the company operations and to provide technical and administrative services’. The above descriptions of the role of expatriates are useful in order to understand their responsibilities but also their rights when deciding to be ‘engaged’ on this specific type of employment. At a first level, it has

Heat exchanger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Heat exchanger - Essay Example In this experiment, the shell and tube exchanger that was used comprised of a number of tubes that were parallel in a cylindrical shell which had no significance until 15%. The experiment was conducted in environmental ambient temperature and distilled was added to make it successful since it does not contain impurities and has less probability to cause damage to the equipment. There was no significant change because the percentage error obtained for heat transfer coefficients for both concurrent and counter current is below 15%. In comparison to the counter current, the overall heat exchanger for concurrent flow is under control since there was a significant change for counter current has a significant change. Based on the estimated overall heat transfer, the expected exit temperature has the percentage error for both co-current and counter current was below 15% and thus no significant change. During the experiment, the heat losses for both co-current and counter current were above the expected percentage value, therefore creating a mean of high heat losses. The percentage error of the overall heat transfer coefficient for the co-current and counter current were not as expected indicating a significant change in the co-current. This shows that the efficiency of the heat exchanger effects on parallel flow more than counter flow. Heat transfer is a widely used method of cooling warm fluids to lower temperatures while using a barrier to separate the two flows and is majorly applied in petroleum and chemical engineering. The shell and the tube heat exchanger are the equipment commonly used in this experiment because of the users’ ability to manage the pressures and temperature. In the shell and tube exchanger, the cylindrical shell is lined with some tubes internally. Its operation underlies the principle of two fluids flowing, one inside the tube and the other externally. The flows can assume either parallel or cross counter

Small Group and Team Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small Group and Team Communication - Essay Example Effective group decision making is based on cooperation and mutual agreements, trust and effective communication between team members. Salaman (2001) underlines that the ideal decision-making (group or individual) is unrealistic because change leads to uncertainty, and there is less uncertainty in the short run than in the long run. He uses examples of business failures to portray ineffective decision-making processes based on decision-making norms rather than careful analysis of the situation. Salaman (2001) states that: "central to decision-making is the notion of rationality. Rationality refers to the quality of thinking and decision-making" (p. 2). Organizations can be pretty sure that whatever long-term guesses they make will be wrong. Unfortunately, most worthwhile achievements are carried out in the long run and consequently require a long-term outlook (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons 2004). Also, the ideal decision-making is impossible because of substantive rationality. Following Weber: "[decision-making] conveys only one element common to all the possible empirical situations" (Salaman 2001, p. 3). The departure often leads to painful changes in the project requirements, which are in turn important contributors to time and cost overruns. In this situation, long-term considerations are sacrificed to short-term exigencies. The corporate culture must extol the virtues of a long-term outlook. ... The best way to let people know the importance of this outlook to the organization is to create incentive systems that reward long-term behavior and to develop organizational structures that make it difficult to be a short-termer. A customer-focused culture requires a new attitude toward customers. Team and group decision making involves co-acting members with specialized knowledge, interacting to arrive at some valued decisions or outcomes. Teams have accountable membership, often work in unpredictable ambiguous environments, and process information (or enact various functions) for variable lengths of time. Team decision making is further complicated when it is supported by technology, such as decision support systems that are comprised of decision aids, informational data bases, computers, intercoms, telephones, video, and so forth. Decision making, as a term, no longer adequately fits the expanded activities that the team undertakes to solve a problem or reach an intended goal. In tellectual teamwork is possibly a better term to describe team decision making in technologically supported environments (Jeynes, 2002). Within this process, ethics becomes a crucial part guarding and controlling decision-making process. Ethics is as a set of moral principles that govern the action of an individual or group. Business ethics are concerned with truth and justice and include aspects which society expects. Two themes which emerged in literature are the role of the victim in the criminal justice system and the use of the criminal law as a resource. Decision analysis is a set of models and methods for helping people deal with difficult and stressful decisions (Hicks, 2004). The operating assumption of decision analysts is that a decision maker wishes to select the

Inclusion and the Inclusive Learning Environment Essay - 2

Inclusion and the Inclusive Learning Environment - Essay Example also requires that the teacher involves recognizes that all learners are different in their own ways and therefore, what may look helpful and good for the attainment of goals for one learner may not necessarily be good for another learner. In seeking to understand the inclusive environment, it is also crucial to consider that each learner has something unique to add to the learning environment that can be of help to other learners. Students come from different background with varying upbringing. It is therefore crucial that a teacher is able to harmonize them to get them to live in peace and unity (Willis, 2009). An inclusive environment is also characterized by flexible approaches to the learning process (Willis, 2009). The world of education is very dynamic as it evolves each decade with new needs arising every time. It is therefore of great need it is reassessed each time and the necessary changes made. The changes can be attributed to the increasing educational opportunities across the globe. Consequently, it is of essential need, those teachers to be able to nurture the full potential of each student. By teachers being in a position to model inclusive learning attitudes in their students, they are able to learn and apply the strategies as they acknowledge their differences and have profound respect for diversity. Examples of strategies used in the inclusive environment are that regarding how teachers nod learners interact and relate to one another (Willis, 2009). This involves use of the respectful vocabularies and terminologies towards one another. Good communication strategies ensure that comments and views are not mistaken to be discriminatory. In addition to this, the body language should also be appropriate and decent at all times. Another strategy is that which involves, the kind of teaching resources the teacher employs (Willis, 2009). The resources ought to be suitable and compatible with all the learners’ needs. Let no learn feel sidelined or

Small Group and Team Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small Group and Team Communication - Essay Example Effective group decision making is based on cooperation and mutual agreements, trust and effective communication between team members. Salaman (2001) underlines that the ideal decision-making (group or individual) is unrealistic because change leads to uncertainty, and there is less uncertainty in the short run than in the long run. He uses examples of business failures to portray ineffective decision-making processes based on decision-making norms rather than careful analysis of the situation. Salaman (2001) states that: "central to decision-making is the notion of rationality. Rationality refers to the quality of thinking and decision-making" (p. 2). Organizations can be pretty sure that whatever long-term guesses they make will be wrong. Unfortunately, most worthwhile achievements are carried out in the long run and consequently require a long-term outlook (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons 2004). Also, the ideal decision-making is impossible because of substantive rationality. Following Weber: "[decision-making] conveys only one element common to all the possible empirical situations" (Salaman 2001, p. 3). The departure often leads to painful changes in the project requirements, which are in turn important contributors to time and cost overruns. In this situation, long-term considerations are sacrificed to short-term exigencies. The corporate culture must extol the virtues of a long-term outlook. ... The best way to let people know the importance of this outlook to the organization is to create incentive systems that reward long-term behavior and to develop organizational structures that make it difficult to be a short-termer. A customer-focused culture requires a new attitude toward customers. Team and group decision making involves co-acting members with specialized knowledge, interacting to arrive at some valued decisions or outcomes. Teams have accountable membership, often work in unpredictable ambiguous environments, and process information (or enact various functions) for variable lengths of time. Team decision making is further complicated when it is supported by technology, such as decision support systems that are comprised of decision aids, informational data bases, computers, intercoms, telephones, video, and so forth. Decision making, as a term, no longer adequately fits the expanded activities that the team undertakes to solve a problem or reach an intended goal. In tellectual teamwork is possibly a better term to describe team decision making in technologically supported environments (Jeynes, 2002). Within this process, ethics becomes a crucial part guarding and controlling decision-making process. Ethics is as a set of moral principles that govern the action of an individual or group. Business ethics are concerned with truth and justice and include aspects which society expects. Two themes which emerged in literature are the role of the victim in the criminal justice system and the use of the criminal law as a resource. Decision analysis is a set of models and methods for helping people deal with difficult and stressful decisions (Hicks, 2004). The operating assumption of decision analysts is that a decision maker wishes to select the

Learning the Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning the Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example Russell further contends that if a belief is to be causally important it must be defined as a characteristic of behavior. This explanation cannot be termed as definite because the result of the behavior or action determines if the belief held was true or false. If the search for food results in success, the belief was true but in case of failure, the belief is considered false. This does not truly justify that knowledge is true belief. Russell believes there are two methods of inference – deduction, and induction. The deduction is merely saying the same thing in another way while induction can be mistaken inference. Human beings have been endowed with sense organs or the organs of perception but most often these are all taken for granted. People know many things like whether they feel cold or hot; whether it is raining or snowing, or when the sun will rise or set. Descartes argues that the ideas about taste, feel, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, sadness or happiness come to us without our consent (Newman, 2005). All these are perceived through the sense organs and with the assistance of the memory, they reach the imagination. The mind receives the data through the nerves from all parts of the body to produce sensory awareness. The mind has a habit of believing what it perceives. This registers in the mind as an experience or knowledge gained through experience. Each person acts or behaves according to their prior experience or their sense of perception. Organs of sight do not increase knowledge. The physical eyes merely see but unless what has been seen can be absorbed or truly perceived, the ‘seeing; has no meaning. Seeing is involuntary; perception is not. We conceive, perceive and assimilate what we are interested in. This experience differs from one person to another. When a glass is partially filled with water, the physical eyes perceive it.

Marketing management Essay Example for Free

Marketing management Essay Slide 9.1 it’s good and good for you Chapter 9a Developing new products and  managing the product life cycle Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.2 New product development and product life-cycle strategies Topic outline †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New product development strategy New product development process Managing new product development Product life-cycle strategies Additional product and service considerations Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.3 New product development strategy Two ways to obtain new products Acquisition refers to the buying of a whole  company, a patent or a license to produce  someone else’s product. New product development refers to the  development of original products, product  improvements, product modifications and  new brands through the firm’s own product  development efforts. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.4 New product development process  Major stages in new product development Figure 9.1 Major stages in new-product development Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.5 New product development process (Continued) Idea generation Idea generation is the systematic search for new product ideas. Sources of new product ideas †¢ Internal †¢ External Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.6 New product development process (Continued) Idea generation Internal sources refer to the company’s  own formal research and  development, management and staff, and intrapreneurial programs. External sources refer to sources outside  the company such as customers,  competitors, distributors, suppliers  and outside design firms. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.7 New product development process (Continued) Crowdsourcing Inviting broad communities of people—  customers, employees, independent  scientists and researchers and even the public at large—into the new product  innovation process. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.8 New product development process (Continued) Idea screening †¢ Identify good ideas and drop poor ideas. †¢ R-W-W screening framework: – Is it real? – Can we win? – Is it worth doing? Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.9 New product development process (Continued) Concept development and testing Product idea is an idea for a possible product  that the company can see itself offering to the market.  Product concept is a detailed version of the  idea stated in meaningful consumer terms.  Product image is the way consumers  perceive an actual or potential product. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.10 New product development process (Continued) Concept development and testing Concept testing refers to testing new product concepts with a group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.11 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development †¢ Marketing strategy development involves designing an initial marketing strategy for a new product based on the product concept. †¢ Marketing strategy statement includes: – Description of the target market – Value proposition – Sales and profit goals. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.12 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Business analysis involves a review of the sales, costs and profit projections to find out whether they satisfy the company’s objectives. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.13 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Product development †¢ †¢ †¢ Involves the creation and testing of one or more physical versions by the RD or engineering departments. Requires an increase in investment. Shows whether the product idea can be turned into a workable product. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.14 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Test marketing is the stage at which the product and marketing program are introduced into more realistic marketing settings. Provides the marketer with experience in testing the product and entire marketing program before full introduction. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.15 New product development process (Continued) Types of test markets Standard test markets Controlled test markets Simulated test markets Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.16 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development †¢ Advantages of simulated test markets – Less expensive than other test methods – Faster – Restricts access by competitors. †¢ Disadvantages – Not considered as reliable and accurate due to the controlled setting. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.17 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development When firms test market †¢ New product with large investment †¢ Uncertainty about product or marketing program When firms may not test market †¢ Simple line extension †¢ Copy of competitor product †¢ Low costs †¢ Management confidence Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.18 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Commercialisation is the introduction of the new product †¢ When to launch †¢ Where to launch †¢ Planned market rollout Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.19 Managing new product development Successful new product development should be: †¢ customer-centred †¢ team-based †¢ systematic. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.20 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Customer-centred new product development: new ways to solve customer problems and create more customer satisfying experiences. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.21 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Sequential new product development:  company departments work closely  together individually to complete each  stage of the process before passing it  along to the next department or stage. †¢ Increased control in risky or complex projects but may be slow. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.22 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Team-based new product development: Various company departments work  closely together, overlapping the steps  in the product development process to  save time and increase effectiveness. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.23 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Systematic new product development: innovative development approach that collects, reviews, evaluates and manages new product ideas. †¢ Creates an innovation-oriented culture. †¢ Yields a large number of new product ideas. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.24 Product life-cycle strategies Product life cycle Figure 9.2 Sales and profits over the product’s life from inception to decline Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.25 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) †¢ Product development – Sales are zero and investment costs mount. †¢ Introduction – Slow sales growth and profits are nonexistent. †¢ Growth – Rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. †¢ Maturity – Slowdown in sales growth and profits level off or decline. †¢ Decline – Sales fall off and profits drop. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.26 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Figure 9.3 Styles, fashions and fads Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.27 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Fads are temporary periods of unusually high sales driven by consumer enthusiasm and immediate product or brand popularity. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.28 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Introduction stage †¢ Slow sales growth †¢ Little or no profit †¢ High distribution and promotion expense. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.29 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Growth stage †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sales increase New competitors enter the market Price stability or decline to increase volume Consumer education Profits increase Promotion and manufacturing costs gain economies of scale. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.30 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Maturity stage †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Slowdown in sales Many suppliers Substitute products Overcapacity leads to competition Increased promotion and RD to support sales and profits. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.31 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Maturity stage modifying strategies †¢ Market modifying †¢ Product modifying †¢ Marketing mix modifying Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.32 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Decline stage †¢ Maintain the product †¢ Harvest the product †¢ Drop the product Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.33 Additional product and service considerations Product decisions and social responsibility Public policy and regulations regarding developing and dropping products, patents, quality and safety. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.34 Additional product and service considerations (Continued) International product and service marketing—challenges †¢ Determining what products and services to introduce in which countries †¢ Standardisation versus customisation †¢ Packaging and labelling †¢ Customs, values and laws. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013

states and power in africa Essay -- essays research papers

We must understand the differences in the African and European political experience in order to understand the difficulties faced by African leaders. In Herbst’s book States and Power in Africa, First I will give an overview of the differences between the African and European advances toward becoming a nation state. Next the reasons why these differences are important to understanding the difficulties faced by African leaders will be discussed. Finally I will give an overview of possible alternatives to the current system of states in Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In States and Power in Africa Herbst shows us several differences between   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to look at why Herbst’s analysis of Africa’s and Europe’s political differences gives us many reasons that go toward the explaining African leader’s political difficulties. One of Herbst’s overall arguments is that the colonization of Africa by Europe is not solely responsible for their self destructive systems of government. He would like others studying comparative politics to understand that many of the pre-colonial social and political norms as well as post-colonial observance of the forced state system have also contributed to Africa’s current problems. Herbst’s shows us that it is important to look beyond the predetermined political geography as set forth at the Berlin Conference as the sole reason for African leader’s difficulty in broadcasting power. To counter this argument Her...

Unintended Results :: Free Essay Writer

Unintended Results Almost everyone looks with disfavor on slums. In certain areas of any city, one sees housing conditions that are distressing to say the least. Several families may be using the same bath and toilet facilities. Two or more families may be living in the same apartment. The buildings and apartments may be in various states of disrepair. Why do people live in them? Usually these are as much as lower-income families can afford. Some people think that this situation should be changed. They could not agree with the fact that so many families, of three people with one employed, cannot afford at least one-bedroom-apartment, and with time they urged the government to change this situation and to take control over the rent prices. According to Ansel Sharp, â€Å"In the United States, following World War II, numerous cities elected to continue rent controls established during the war† (68). The main purpose of rent control is to support lower-income residents. The most well known example of such control is undoubtedly that of New York City, which has some of the strictest rent control in the country. By analyzing the actual effect of the controls, we certainly could conclude that the local government should abandon rent controls in New York City because market tends to react in ways that offset the intended impact of that action. Such control may involve consequences that are clearly unintended. The first unintended problem generated by the rent control is housing shortage. In other words, the demand for rent-controlled apartments overcomes the surplus. That is why so many individuals and even families are forced to share the same apartment. Many young adults encounter difficulty finding an apartment when they decide to leave the family home and to start their independent lives. The chance of finding a job in a big city is greater than in a small town. That is why so many people tend to live in New York City. In most cases, searches for rents are unsuccessful. Ansel Sharp writes, â€Å"Today in New York City, for example, it remains popular for those seeking rent-controlled housing to daily scan the obituaries looking for recently freed-up space† (68). Of course, it was not the original intention of the local government but this is the inevitable outcome of price control. Secondly, the price control in New York City fails to satisfy the needs of those who are supposed to benefit from it. Unintended Results :: Free Essay Writer Unintended Results Almost everyone looks with disfavor on slums. In certain areas of any city, one sees housing conditions that are distressing to say the least. Several families may be using the same bath and toilet facilities. Two or more families may be living in the same apartment. The buildings and apartments may be in various states of disrepair. Why do people live in them? Usually these are as much as lower-income families can afford. Some people think that this situation should be changed. They could not agree with the fact that so many families, of three people with one employed, cannot afford at least one-bedroom-apartment, and with time they urged the government to change this situation and to take control over the rent prices. According to Ansel Sharp, â€Å"In the United States, following World War II, numerous cities elected to continue rent controls established during the war† (68). The main purpose of rent control is to support lower-income residents. The most well known example of such control is undoubtedly that of New York City, which has some of the strictest rent control in the country. By analyzing the actual effect of the controls, we certainly could conclude that the local government should abandon rent controls in New York City because market tends to react in ways that offset the intended impact of that action. Such control may involve consequences that are clearly unintended. The first unintended problem generated by the rent control is housing shortage. In other words, the demand for rent-controlled apartments overcomes the surplus. That is why so many individuals and even families are forced to share the same apartment. Many young adults encounter difficulty finding an apartment when they decide to leave the family home and to start their independent lives. The chance of finding a job in a big city is greater than in a small town. That is why so many people tend to live in New York City. In most cases, searches for rents are unsuccessful. Ansel Sharp writes, â€Å"Today in New York City, for example, it remains popular for those seeking rent-controlled housing to daily scan the obituaries looking for recently freed-up space† (68). Of course, it was not the original intention of the local government but this is the inevitable outcome of price control. Secondly, the price control in New York City fails to satisfy the needs of those who are supposed to benefit from it.

Counseling Session Essay

A good greeting with client is very important. In my point of view for having a good greeting at the first meeting the nonverbal actions are important equal as words which counselor says. Having a nice smile, showing the attention for entrance of client, the distances between the client and counselor’s chairs, counseling room atmosphere and etc can help the both client and counselor for making a good relationship. As you can see after I talked about our time, I move a little to showing Keat that I was with her. In our counseling session we should be aware of don’t using â€Å"problem†. As an example I use â€Å"How may I help you?† except â€Å"What’s your problem?† Client: I just came from the exam center, and I’m concern, WHY my name is not register? Counselor: Oh,†¦. Non verbal reflection for showing Keat that I mention to her completely. Client: I will have come up again on Monday. Waste a lot my time. Time is always a problem. I’m doing too many things.aaa †¦ This is not a problem. What is my main problem? Counselor: You didn’t get your exam card.yeah? Keat was thinking and it was better for me to be silent. I shouldn’t interrupt into her thinking. Client: How did it happen, because I paid online†¦. I’m to trying to figure out where is my will. Counselor: What’s will? I didn’t know the meaning of the â€Å"will†. And I know as a counselor I must to speak English as a native person. (I try my best to improve my language skills) Client: You don’t know the will. Will is †¦ Counselor: Aha†¦ aha†¦ You want to rewrite your will for yourself or for your children? Client: †¦ That is my concern. Time is always a problem. I always work for myself†¦ Counselor: You always work for yourself. I also used non-verbal encouragement skills such as: Nodding, eye contact, body movement. Client: aha. I try to organize my time in my free time. So my mind is always thinking. I think I should sit down and organize the will. Angelinas’ Death shocked me. It can happen to anybody at anytime. Counselor: You are concern. Aha †¦ I tried to respond with empathy, try to understand her feelings, emotions when she talked about Angelina’s death. Client: I think I should lots of work to do †¦ I’m working. †¦ I’m working very impact. Counselor: You are concerning about the time, organizing your works. (It continued for 30 minutes but I stop to transcript the session for analyze myself as a counselor.) For explain myself as a counselor during the sessions It’s necessary to say that my own structure is not only using one theory. I try to find a good mixture depends on my client personality and his/her problems. Generally I have been used all my sessions on the base of Rogers’s theory. He has consistently maintained that there are three conditions for realizing a growth- promoting climate in which individuals can move toward and become what they are capable of becoming. These conditions are: 1) genuineness; 2) acceptance; 3) deep understanding. Therapy is rooted in the client’s capacity for awareness and the ability to make decisions. With the help of his theory I focus on the client’s responsibility and capacity to discover ways to more fully encounter reality. I try to help my clients t o match their behavior and expression with their internal feelings and thoughts. I focus on the person not on the persons presenting problem, because it is very important for me to assist my clients in their growth process. I really believe that empowering the clients has better influence in their whole life and they can better cope with problems they are now facing, and with their future problem. In my structure it is very significant to provide a safety climate and sometimes on the base of person- centered therapy I use myself as an instrument of change. Foremost I must be willing to be real in the relationship with a client. Instead of perceiving clients in preconceived diagnostic categories, I meet them on moment-to-moment experiential basis and help them by entering  their world. Through my attitudes of genuine, respect, acceptance, and understanding, they loosen their defenses and rigid perceptions and move to a higher level of personal functioning. With the case of Keat I used Rogers’s theory and I do not have a certain idea for other theories. For me it need a little more time to know my client and her issues to select another theory. Maybe if our sessions had been continued I would have used Ellis’s Rational-emotive therapy. And with the case of Roslan if our sessions had be continued I would have used the Eric Berne theory. As a counselor I have to use techniques too. With the base of Rogers I try to accept Keat and be respectful with her. I used different kinds of attending and listening skills, Nov- verbal skills to show my client that I understood her feelings, emotions, stories, and plans. I think I still need to work on myself and methods for being a good counselor. To reach this goal I should developed my Questions which I think they are so common some times, although it related to speaking in English. I have to be a good English speaker.

Catholic Social Teaching Essay

* is a body of doctrine developed by the Catholic Church on matters of poverty and wealth, economics, social organization and the role of the state. Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII’s 1891 encyclical letter Rerum Novarum, which advocated economic Distributism and condemned both Capitalism and Socialism, although its roots can be traced to the writings of Catholic thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine of Hippo, and is also derived from concepts present in the Bible. * The Catholic Social Teaching has two basic characteristics, namely, being permanent and developing. * Permanent -Since the teachings are based on the Gospel, they offer a permanent complex idea to be pursued in the ever changing historical conditions and ways. These teachings can never go out of date in their fundamentals. Examples of these permanent teachings are exemplified in the following principles: 1. Human dignity and Solidarity 2. Social justice and Christian love 3. Active non-violence and peace 4. Preferential option for the poor 5. Value of human work 6. Universal destinations of all goods of the earth 7. Stewardship and the integrity of creation 8. People empowerment 9. Authentic and holistic (integral) human development * Developing -The fundamentals of Church Social Teaching make up the steadily growing collection of the Church’s social principles that must be creatively applied to and renewed in ever changing concrete situations of various events, cultures, and human needs in the historical process. Deeper insights into permanent values develop as the Church reads the signs of the times. * Methods and Sources 1. Scripture. The authoritative books which record the Jewish and Christian   experiences of God’s self-disclosure. Scripture reveals who God is and who we are called to be in response to God. Interpretation of Scripture requires attention to historical context and is best done in community. 2. Tradition: the ways of thinking and living that are â€Å"handed over† (traditio) from one generation to the next; an ongoing conversation across the ages about our most important questions. Also the body of theological reflection and the ways of putting this reflection into practice that are â€Å"handed over† (traditio) from one generation to the next. Magisterium: official teaching office of church and authoritative voice of tradition. While theologians, activists, and ordinary Catholics make contribute to this body of theological reflection in important ways, a privileged source of Catholic tradition is the magisterium or the official, authoritative teaching office of the church. This official teaching office is exercised by Catholic Bishops, and in particular the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), as well as groups appointed by the Pope. This teaching is expressed in the form of a) papal encyclicals; b) encyclicals of Church Councils (such as Vatican II) or Synods of Bishops, c) statements by Vatican offices, congregations, and commissions; & d) Episcopal conferences (regional meetings of Bishops, such as the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in the United States). 3. Reason. The natural human capacity to know truth. The way we interpret and understand Scripture, Tradition, and experience. * Reason as Natural Law The preeminent form of reasoning for much of Catholic tradition has been natural law reasoning. To understand Catholic natural law reasoning, one must get inside a whole worldview, culture, and language within Catholic tradition. Natural law holds that God’s intentions are expressed in the order that God â€Å"built into creation.† This order takes the form of â€Å"natures† or intelligible patterns of being. Humans are capable of knowing this order by reflecting upon creation. As humans we must first recognize our nature and act according to it so as to fulfill our created nature. For example, humans by nature (or by creation) have a â€Å"built in† instinct for self-preservation. Aquinas argues that to use appropriately limited violence in self-defense is good because it is to act according to our God-given nature. (God’s creation is good). * Four Levels of Law St. Thomas Aquinas defines law is â€Å"an ordering of reason† (ordinatio rationis) or the most important way that reason rules or measures actions. He describes four levels of law: a. Eternal Law: the mind (ratio) of God which orders and governs creation b. Divine Law: the explicit revelation of the mind of God in Scripture c. Natural Law: the expression of the mind of God in the order that God has built into creation. This order takes the form of natures or patterns of being that humans can know by using their reason to reflect on creation. For example, because humans by nature (or creation) have a built in instinct for self-preservation, limited self-defense is in accord with our God-given nature. See Romans 2:14-15 d. Human Law: human attempts to formulate laws that reflect the natural law. * Two Interpretations of Human Nature There have been two major strains of interpretation of human nature: a) â€Å"nature as physical†Ã¢â‚¬â€humans must respect their biological â€Å"givenness† or the physical order (ex. artificial contraception interferes with the natural order of sexual intercourse whereas the rhythm method respects this order.) b) â€Å"nature as rational†Ã¢â‚¬â€humans must act in accord with reason; they must seek to discover and fulfill their fullest purpose. Biology does not trump other cues in discovering â€Å"nature.† Instead, we must look to all sources of human wisdom in order to discover how things are meant to be. The pope reasons that the purpose of property is for the good of all creation but a limited right to private property is consistent with human dignity and human wisdom about how well people take care of common property. 4. Experience. Our encounter with the world both past and present. Christian tradition privileges the experience of those at the margins of society—the poor and the oppressed. In Catholic social thought experience is enriched and expanded by a four step process of interpretation and reflection which I will call â€Å"the interpretive circle†. a. experience: insert yourself into a situation, see what is going on, and gather necessary information b. social analysis: â€Å"What are the structural or â€Å"root† causes of injustices?† â€Å"What are the patterns of action that reinforce these injustices?† c. theological reflection: â€Å"What light does faith, especially as expressed in Scripture and Catholic social teaching, shed upon our experience and social analysis?† â€Å"Where is God in this situation and how might we respond to God’s call to us?† d. practical planning: â€Å"What are the most faithful, creative, and effective ways of acting upon the first three steps?† * How does Catholic tradition use these four sources? 1. They serve as checks and balances to each other. Each should inform and complement the other in critical dialogue. 2. â€Å"Reason informed by faith.† Reason and faith penetrate each other and form a unified way of approaching problems. Scripture and Christian Tradition provide the overall story, worldview, and values that serve as the framework for moral reasoning.

Individual Poem – 1915, Roger McDonald

1915 is a poem written in free form structure which details the conditions, emotions and deaths of Australian soldiers fighting in the trenches, presumably at Gallipoli in World War 1. As opposed to writing in a structure that rhymes, which traditionally provides a joyful flow to a humorous or exciting situation, McDonald has chosen to present this text in the less constrained free form format. This allows him to express the emotion and hardship within the scene he is describing. Using this structure McDonald is able to easily communicate the bleak and somewhat depressive themes of the poem. The key themes McDonald focuses on are death, longing for family back home, the apprehension of being on death’s door and the overall misery that life in the trenches brought to all who served in them. Death is an obvious theme in 1915 as the entire scene is set for an all-out charge ‘over the top’ to attack the enemy. McDonald illustrates a graphic moment where soldiers are cut down by machine gun fire, â€Å"Hard like ice it cracks their shins – They feel a drill and mallet climb their bones, Then cold, then warmth as blood spills from pockets, chests and mouths†. McDonald also uses the machine gun fire as a â€Å"metal voice† saying to the soldiers as it cuts them down, â€Å"Boys relax, as one by one they totter to their knees†. These quotations come from the final stanza of the poem and provide a very visual illustration of death in the reader’s mind. Longing for family back home is another theme explored by McDonald, and is a very common aspect of every soldier’s life in any war. â€Å"Others touch their lips on splintered wood to reach for home† Touching their lips on splintered wood may refer to imagining kissing a loved one that the soldier’s missing, or it could mean that for many of the men it will be the last time they remember their families before they die. McDonald has another reference to home in the third stanza saying, â€Å"As up the scramble, pockets fat with Champion Flake in battered tins, and letters wadded thick from mum (who says ‘always keep some warm clothes on†¦.’)†. Letters from home were the only connection and form of communication any soldier had to back home. These letters would have been one of the most important things to a soldier, as the endless longing to be with one’s family again begins to take a sad, depressive turn, as life in the trenches can bring on severe and in some cases suicidal depression. The third theme McDonald explores in 1915 is the apprehension of being on death’s door. Being in the trenches, waiting for the whistle which orders you ‘over the top’ is an unimaginable feeling to almost anyone. The sheer terror the soldiers must have been feeling is astonishing. McDonald refers to these feelings in the first stanza, â€Å"The crack of knuckles dropped to sooth the heaving in their legs, while some, ashamed, split bile between their teeth and hum to drown out their stomachs†. These descriptive passages set the scene for a brutal battle, and serve as a great insight into the apprehension felt by the Australian Diggers awaiting that deadly whistle blow, to send them to their dooms. The themes explored in 1915 connect with other poems we have studied. Australian Identity and illustrating the question ‘what is it to be Australian?’ are also highlighted in Dawe’s Search and Destroy, Exiles and Life-Cycle. 1915 also reminds me of Dawe’s Katrina, the way Free Form is used to paint a verbal picture of loved ones facing death. As well as Katrina, 1915 also made me think of Dawe’s, On the Death of Ronald Ryan how the poet is able to illustrate to the reader what a person may be feeling as they are about to be killed.

Impact of Computers on Day-to-day Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Computers on Day-to-day Life - Essay Example Social networking is another area in which computers have changed peoples’ lifestyle. Many of the offline businesses were transformed to online businesses because of the abilities of computers in promoting e-businesses or e-commerce. Weather forecasting and global positioning systems are some of the other areas in which computers are used extensively nowadays. This paper analyses the impact of computers in day-to-day life. Business is one area, which gained a lot because of the introduction of computers. It should be noted that instant communication is made possible because of the introduction of computers and internet. Business always likes to have the exchange of information as quickly as possible in order to make sound decisions. Earlier, fax messages and telephonic conversations were used for business communications along with telephones. However, these technologies had many limitations in communicating the ideas properly between the stakeholders of business. The introduct ion of computers helped business people to present their ideas clearly to others. Computer controlled machinery is used a lot in many of the manufacturing units nowadays. This machinery has the ability to do provisioned work more efficiently than humans do. According to new figures released by the United States Department of Commerce, e-Commerce Sales accounted for 2.4% of all sales in the fourth quarter of 2005, up from 2.3% the previous quarter. Total fourth quarter e-commerce revenues came to a seasonally adjusted $22.94 billion. For all of 2005, e-commerce sales rose by 24.6% according to information from the U.S. Census Stats (Internet World Stats News) Earlier business activities were taking place only in the real world. Introduction of computers opened another channel for business in the virtual world. Many of the recent studies have shown that offline or virtual world business is going to surpass real world business in the near future. Computers have helped business people w ith another channel to market and provide their services. Education is another sector in which computers proved their worth. For effective transfer of knowledge from the teacher to students, computers are extensively used in classrooms at present. Computer assisted technologies are helping both the students and teachers to polish their ideas. For example, teachers can take notes from the internet before presenting a particular topic in the class. In the same way, exceptional students who are not satisfied with the classroom knowledge can look on the internet to get more knowledge. IPads and tablet PC’s are helping students to get rid of the inconvenience of carrying textbooks and notebooks to the classes. Teachers can assess the progress of the students with the help of computer software. In short, computers can help in the enhancement of quality of education. Social networking is the third segment in which computers are influencing people in their day-to-day life. The popula rity of Facebook, Google Plus, MySpace, Twitter etc clearly indicate the importance of computers in daily life. It should be noted that millions of people from all over the world are spending a substantial period of time in social networks nowadays. Apart from ordinary people, even business people, marketers, job seekers, etc are also interested in using social networks now. The concept of social networking would not be in place if the computer related technologies were not there. As mentioned