Presumed Consent for Organ Donation Dissertation

Presumed Consent for Organ Donation - Dissertation Example Presumed Consent for Organ Donation The treatment of the dead body has enormous implications, not only for religious and spiritual reasons but also for non-religious and cultural reasons. Organ donation may be considered as one of the final acts of the individual who intends to part with his or her organs or tissue for the wellbeing of another person or for medical use. It basically depends on the decision regarding how the individual desires to live his or her life and to be remembered after his or her death (Inquiry into the EU Commission’s Communication on Organ Donation and Transplantation: Policy Action at EU Level 2008). Organ donation is also an ethical decision since it is intended to benefit the recipients of organs by way of transplantation. It is also a decision that may influence those whom the deceased leaves behind. Similarly, in cases where death occurs suddenly, in the absence of an explicit decision from the deceased, â€Å"the feelings of the bereaved family are very important†. The dile mma for many occurs when body parts are being cremated or buried. This contributes to an increase in the complications relating to ethical issues, apart from logistical problems. There can be inconsistencies in what people say they would do because their opinions and beliefs are subject to change according to the situation. Evidence suggests that â€Å"90% of the population supports the concept of organ donation – and what they actually do, i.e. they do not carry donor cards, and only 23% have registered their wish to donate†.... Families of the dead usually decline donation because they are not fully aware of the deceased person’s wishes . On the other hand, if the deceased had explicitly expressed a desire to donate organs, the relatives would do their best to fulfil the wishes of the dead person. Authorizing presumed consent is obtaining an absolute apathy of the founding ethical principles, or respect for autonomy, which is one of the four major principles of medical ethics. Spiritual and ethical education can be used to discover ethical rules in the relationship of motivation and actual behaviour. The divergence between individual rights and the advantage to society or to others as a group and apprehensions regarding the nature of physical reliability are at the core of the discussion. Importance of Obtaining Presuming Consent: As per the ethical view of the universe, there is an agreement that organs may be retrieved if there is a legitimate consent. Numerous legal approaches currently in vogue r elate to this. Presumed consent permits the organs to be used for the purpose of transplantation after death, except where the individual has objected to such donations. On the other hand, an informed consent system specifies that the individual must explicitly approve organ removal after death, by joining a national registry, carrying a donor card or any such document (Gill 2004). In the United Kingdom, the focus is on flexible choice, where the approval or assent of the family of the deceased is still necessary before harvesting the organ. If the deceased has not expressed any objection, organs will automatically become obtainable, if the relatives do not object to their removal. The general belief is that this will increase the possibility of obtaining organs as

Personal Statement for scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Statement for scholarship - Essay Example During the period I was in college, I realize how much I wanted to further my education and on completing my associate degree, I enrolled at Ashford University for Bachelor’s degree in Psychology with a Minor in Childhood. As I studied at Ashford University, my craving for more education kept growing and I realized that I wanted more education. Being a wife to a military man for the last 25 years helped me realize the much psychological help need by military families and I felt that I needed more education to be able to provide that help. That is when I decided I needed to enroll in Walden University in the coming year to obtain Master’s in Mental Health Counseling with specialization in Trauma and Crisis Counseling. After completing my master, I plan to obtain a Doctorate degree in Psychology. This will give me great joy since I will have kept my promise to my mother and achieved my dream of offering psychological help to military families. My goal is to become a Military Family Life Consultant (MFLC), a program run by Military One Source and provides counseling to military families particularly in times of distress. Irrespective of my great desire to pursue Master’s degree, it will hard for my husband and me to fund my studies considering that I am still paying for my bachelor degree. That is why I decided to apply and hope to be awarded this Education Debt Reduction scholarship to help me achieve my dream. While I continue seeking for other scholarships, Education Debt Reduction scholarship will be profoundly

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto - Essay Example This paper purports to analyze Marx’s stances on the practical and idealist form of democracy, and the reasons the idealist form of democracy can not be established in the current social set up. He also does not uphold individualism and personal freedom (Marx), and this aspect of his manifesto will also be analyzed. The basic theme running in the background of his text, and which forms the basis of all his arguments and much discussion, is Marx’s concept that man is not genuinely free in the society (Marx). He compares the current state of man’s condition in the capitalist society with that of the feudal society in which there were hierarchical classes and divisions in the society, so that the poor and oppressed, and the workers and peasants (Marx), could not rise above their standards ever, and were stuck in a vicious circle in which they were destined to forever serve the ruling class (Marx). Although this feudal system of government and society has been change d in most of the countries of the world, it is unfortunately replaced by the capitalist government and businessmen (Marx). The concept of classes and divisions in the society still remains, the strata are just as well demarcated as they were before, the only difference is that now whereas it might appear that man is free in the society (Marx), he is basically just a customized worker for the huge industry that the capitalist has set up (Marx) in order to benefit from the hard work of his workers (Marx). Marx has identified the social strata as the bourgeoisie and the working class (Marx), with the former being the oppressor and the latter being the oppressed (Marx). He claims that unless and until the oppressed recognize that they are being oppressed, and rise above their social conditions against the ruling class, they will never be able to claim true personal freedom, and so would never be a part of democracy (Marx). True democracy is based on truly free people, who are free in th ought as well as in person, and are not bound by work and service to a ruling class. It is only when society has its foundations based on such free people that it can hope to bring in democracy and it is only then that the democracy would work. The worker is still in shackles, and although he might seem to be a freeman, he is not (Marx). Marx submits that free trade and paper currency are the bane of the society (Marx), and the chains that bind the workers. He likens society to a big factory set up by the bourgeoisie capitalist (Marx), in which he has hired an army of customized workers (Marx) to work for him around the clock in order to increase the sales, from which only the capitalist manager would benefit (Marx); the increased sales would only mean more machinery for the workers, whose working hours would be increased based on the ease that the machines bring with them (Marx). He has also identified sub-strata in the ruling class, such as the factory onlookers (Marx), the superv isors (Marx), the middlemen, and other divisions within an organization which rule over the workers (Marx). Marx does not uphold individualism and personal freedom (Marx). His concept is that individualism is the characteristic of the bourgeoisie, as he only thinks of himself and makes the workers work for his own profits and benefits (Marx). What Marx proposes is the exact opposite of this

Medieval ages and Modern time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval ages and Modern time - Essay Example However, the period laid most of the foundation in modern time professions and beliefs that still persists in most rural and indigenous societies around the globe. Among the trained people who defended the medieval societies were archers, foot soldiers, and the most explicit group referred as the knights. The knights were ranked the richest of all soldiers in the time, and were equipped with more expertise than others. Any knight had to pass through a session of training, and could only become one through his valor prior or after battles, or if he was a son of a noble family (â€Å"Becoming a knight,† thinkquest.org). This selection criterion is quite different in the modern society for individuals desiring to pursue military. Of course, it did prevent individuals in the society who would have liked to be come one, but since they were not from noble families or could not express their courage, they missed out the chance. The knights dressing code was rather heavy and uncomfortable especially under the hot sun. Apart from their linen shirt and a pair of pants, they wore woolen pads underneath the metal ringed tunic, which was later repla ced with metal plates, covering most of their body parts (â€Å"The Medieval knight,† thinkquest.org). They highly used swords, knives and spears as defense weapons and held tournaments to exercise their loyalty in service while acting as mock battles in front of audience. Basically the knight was purposefully skilled to protect his lord and the castle against external attacks more than the entire society. In the modern society, military selection is open for individuals who qualify to a certain level, without being biased to social status not unless the system is corrupt, it doe not matter whether one comes from poor or rich background, but the procedure follows strictly and individuals who qualify can specialize in the profession. The purpose for the military is to serve the area of jurisdiction by ensuring its

Algoeithm Design, Analysis and Implementation Assignment

Algoeithm Design, Analysis and Implementation - Assignment Example This is done by choosing a comparison element and placing all the elements that are less than the comparison element in the first group and the rest of the elements in the second group. This procedure is repeated recursively until the elements are sorted (a part consist of only one element). T(n) = (n-1) + ?1 ? i ? n ti As 1,2,....k-elements are already sorted, we can say that ti =0, where i = 1,2, 3... k. Then, the contribution of quick sort when early stopping is used can be given by, T(n)=(n+1)( ?k ? i ? n ti + ?(1)) = (n+1)( n lg +?(1)) =2n lg +?(n) Thus, T(n) for quick sort =O(nlg(n/k)). Given that, insertion sort is done on a partially sorted array (unsorted k-elements). In general, running time of insertion sort is O(n2 ), where n is the length of the array (total number of elements). In order to provide a solution to this problem, the total array is divided into subarrays of k-elements each, such that k/2? n ? k, then n = O(k) and the running time of insertion sort is O(k2). The total number of such subarrays (m) would then be n/k ? m ? 2n/k., which implies m = O(n/k). The total time spent on insertion sort would then be O(k2)* O(n/k) = O(nk). T(n) for insertion sort = O(nk). Therefore, the total time for this sorting algorithm is as follows: T(n) = O(nk + nlg(n/k) ). ... Solution: From the above problem (1), we find that quick sort sorts k-elements of an n-element array O(n log(n/k)) time. Quick sort sorts by partitioning the given array A[p...r] into two sub-arrays A[p...q] and A[q+1... r] such that every element in A[p...q] is less than, or equal to, elements in A[q+1... r]. This process is repeated until all the elements are sorted. Algorithm for quick sort is given by: A[P] is the pivot key upon which the comparison is made. P is chosen as the median value of the array at each step. If the element is less than, or equal to, the pivot key value, it is moved left. Otherwise, it is moved right. Assuming the best case scenario where each step produces two equal partitions, then T(n)=T(n/2)+T(n/2)+?(n) =2T(n/2)+ ?(n) By Master’s Theorem case 2, T(n) = O(n lg n) In other words, the depth of recursion is log n and at each level/step, the number of elements to be treated is n. If only k-elements are sorted, then the depth of recursion would be n/k and the number of elements would be n at each level, the time taken by this sorting algorithm is given by T(n) = O(n lg (n/k)). 2.2 Show that we can sort a k-well-sorted array of length n in O(n log k) time. As the array is already sorted for k-elements, the remaining steps required to complete the sort would be k (using the results from 1), then T(n) = O(n lg k). 3. Computing the k-th smallest element in the union of the two lists m and n using O(lg m +lg n) time algorithm: Approach 1: Merge sort can be used in this case. It splits the list into two halves, recursively sorts each half, and then merges the two sorted sub-lists. In the given problem, the lists are already sorted; hence, the

Crime Scene Documentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime Scene Documentation - Assignment Example In these cases, the accused is always acquitted as charges levelled against him/her cannot stand due to the malicious acts of the officers of destroying evidence that the court was to rely on. In the case State v. Blair 2013 Ohio 1270, the second district appellate court dismissed an indictment as a result of a law enforcement officer destroying a materially exculpatory video, which the defence was set to rely on in the case. The felony that was committed in this particular case was an assault, which was made on a law enforcement officer (Acker & Brody, 2013). There is a legal standard that is in place that bars the state from convicting the defendant in the following circumstances; if the state and in this case the prosecution together with case investigators fail to preserve â€Å"materially exculpatory evidence† or if the state acts in bad faith to destroy evidence that is potentially useful (Acker & Brody, 2013). In any scenario if the evidence involved is classified as materially exculpatory it is not the defendants duty proving that the state acted in bad faith to the court destroying the evidence however, the defendant only needs to prove to the court, it was the sole duty of the state to preserve that particular evidence despite destruction occurring either due to negligence or in bad faith (Gorelick & Solum, 2009). In so doing, the defendant has a duty to convince the court on the importance of the evidence to that particular case (Acker & Brody, 2013). This case involved a situation whereby a police officer tried to arrest a young man. The man in this case Blair tried to resist arrest as the officer had not fully explained to him the felony he had committed. The police officer decided to manhandle Blair by kicking him and choking him in order to arrest him successfully. Thus, in the process, there was a by-passer who was watching the whole incident and recorded it on his cell phone but noticing, the police

HPV critical Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HPV critical Analysis - Article Example to establish and collect not only this data, but also to provide a baseline estimate to measure the wide-scale impact of the current HPV vaccine on reducing infection, as well as providing models with a baseline on cost-effectiveness of distributing said vaccine. Were these seven colleagues qualified to do so? Indeed they were, by virtue of profession and training. As listed in the article, six out of the seven that conducted the study not only held the title of Ph.D. or M.D., but also were employed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which not only supported their work but also conducted the larger survey of which the study was a part of, the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NAHANES). All seven worked together to gather, collate, and sort the data, with Dr. Eileen F. Dunne taking the lead role, as well as responsibility for the data that supported their conclusions. Dr. Dunne and her colleagues made no claims about the HPV virus, though they did claim that baseline data would be effective in measuring the prevalence of the disease. Their main concern was that such data did not exist, and therefore in the future there would be nothing to measure the actual reduction of the HPV virus in women against, had they been given the vaccine. To conduct the study, Dr. Dunne and her colleagues used a â€Å"representative sample† of women aged 14-59 that were taking part in the NHANES survey. The women self-reported their race and ethnicity via questionnaires as well as providing a cervical swab. Out of 2482 females that took part in the study, 2387 were examined in a mobile examination center and asked to self-collect a sample via swab, which was then submitted for analysis. HPV detection, as well as typing, was then performed, and the results analyzed. Out of the 2387 females, 466 were considered â€Å"nonresponders†, due to the fact that they either submitted â€Å"an inadequate swab specimen†, or did not submit a specimen at all. The various types